Machiavelli’s The Prince Examples of Machiavellian...

Arguably, the most Machiavellian leader to ever exist would be Joseph Stalin. He abided by three major Machiavellian methods that were stated in the Prince: the ends justifies the means, crush any opposition, and displaying a false character. Stalin had a plan for Russia and did everything in his power to achieve that plan. He wanted to transform Russia into a industrial superpower, a military superpower, and a political superpower. To achieve his goals he committed many horrible crimes against humanity. To be more specific, Stalin killed more than sixty million people during his reign. He was a selfish cold-blooded, heart less, and evil leader; human life was nothing to him. What caused him to develop such evil traits? It all started†¦show more content†¦This strategy disposed Stalin of any political opposition, which helped him sustain his power. Another major method that Stalin used to maintain his power was the use of propaganda to portray himself as a benevolent father figure. While at the same time he was committing mass murder. In Ukraine alone he killed ten million people in only two years! Many historians agree that Stalin killed over sixty million people. Why did he kill so much people? This can be traced back to Machiavelli’s The Prince. As discussed before, The Prince teaches that a ruler should have the fear of the people. Stalin slaughtered so many people to prevent any opposition to his reign. He eliminated all the strong people, both the intellectual and physical; therefore the few left would be too afraid and too weak, physically and mentally, to resist. Stalin did exactly what Machiavelli stated in the Prince, which was also stated above, â€Å" And here it has to be noted that men must be either pampered or crushed, because they can get revenge fore small injuries but not fore grievous ones.† Stalin stated â€Å" Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem.†, â€Å" Gratitude is a sickness suffe red by dogs.†, and â€Å" I trust no one, not even myself.† As it can be clearly seen, Joseph Stalin epitomises most of Machiavelli’s beliefs that are stated in The Prince. Therefore, Stalin can be consider Machiavelli’s ideal prince. Finally, the last example of a pastShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1314 Words   |  6 PagesMACHIAVELLI’S LIVED WORLD: SETTING CONTEXT Niccolà ² Machiavelli’s The Prince was written in a time of political and civil unrest in Italy. For decades the city-state of Florence suffered several political uprisings and the establishment of new governments. From tyrannical rule to the creation of a democratic republic, and finally the re-establishment of the Medici family, The Prince comes from Machiavelli’s lived experiences in these political regimes. Machiavelli blames the division of Italy intoRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1699 Words   |  7 PagesFrom describing world leaders to political antiheroes in television dramas, characterizing someone as a â€Å"Machiavellian figure† is perceived more as derisive description than an accurate representation of that person’s philosophical views of power. This popular depiction is due to Niccolo Machiavelli’s harsh portrayal of the interlaced relationship between power and politics in his treatise, The Prince. Machiavelli begins his work by contending that it is â€Å"more effective† to reveal the â€Å"practicalRead MoreMachiavellian Leadership : The Prince1285 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavellian Leadership: Are These Principles Morally Correct to Use Today? For centuries, the political principles brought forth through Nicolà ² Machiavelli in his writing, The Prince, have been quite controversial both on the political forefront and the mainstream of leadership training. Though most people do not know that they are fighting battles over the principles brought about in the writing of Machiavelli. The Prince was written in the years following Machiavelli’s time in the politicalRead MoreMachiavellian Macbeth ? Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  While Macbeth exhibits certain Machiavellian characteristics, he does not heed Machiavellis advice regarding rulers who desire to obtain their principalities through crime, and through either the ignorance of, or disregard for, this advice, Macbeth cannot be considered Machiavellian. Hence it should be noted that in taking hold of a state, he who seizes it should examine all the offenses necessary for him to commit, and do them all at a stroke....For injuries must be done all togetherRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess of the opposing leader, Mark Antony, is more accurately explained using the observations of Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince. In this book Machiavelli outlines the characteristics of a successful leader. When using The Prince as a lens to read Julius Caesar, the correlation between a leader’s Machiavellianism and their success becomes very apparent. Marcus Brutus is undoubtedly an honorable and respectable man, but his morality prevents him from adhering to Machiavelli’s principles. Due toRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1681 Words   |  7 Pagespresumptuous analysis not fitting for an academic recognizing the false equivalence between Socrates’ philosophy and Machiavellià ¢â‚¬â„¢s political ethics. The strategy to conduct any sort of liable and valid analysis is not to wholly ignore the â€Å"political† part of the system but to evaluate the ethics behind the systems. The goal of this essay will be to compare and evaluate the Machiavellian ideological government, through the lens of Socratic philosophy. Despite living in similar situations of strife, SocratesRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Ruler?1506 Words   |  7 Pagesboth attempt to give an answer of what makes a good ruler. Plato’s Philosopher King and Machiavelli’s Prince share their similarities and differences, but in the end Machiavelli paints a more realistic picture of a ruler which makes his prince more favorable. In order to understand why Machiavelli’s Prince may be more appealing than Plato’s Philosopher king, we must 1st come to understand what the King and the Prince look like as described by our writers. When it comes to the Philosopher King we areRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli s Views On Politics1464 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates would oppose Machiavelli’s concept of a prince and the political system he sought to sustain him. To start, Machiavelli’s realist morality follows a form of consequentialism, where he believed the ends justified the means. Machiavelli argues the importance of pragmatism to success in politics, that â€Å"†¦how we live is so far removed from how we ought to live, that he who abandons what is done for what ought to be done, will rather bring about his ruin than his preservation (Prince, p. 140).† LogicallyRead More Changing Interpretations of The Prince and Niccolo Machiavelli2638 Words   |  11 PagesChanging Interpretations of The Prince and Niccolo Machiavelli After five hundred years, Niccolo Machiavelli the man has ceased to exist. In his place is merely an entity, one that is human, but also something that is far above one. The debate over his political ideologies and theories has elevated him to a mythical status summed up in one word: Machiavelli. His family name has evolved into an adjective in the English language in its various forms. Writers and pundit’s bandy about this newRead MoreA Machiavellian Ruler Of Shakespeare s Hamlet1196 Words   |  5 PagesA Machiavellian ruler is a cunning ruler. This is a ruler who uses anything and anyone that is within his power to get into power and to keep the power. This is not all that entails a Machiavellian ruler. Other characteristics such as good fortunes, wisdom and bravery all come into play. Nonetheless, it is the wickedness in a Machiavellian ruler that is reflected in Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet through King Claudius. King Claudius, is a classic example of the type o f ruler Machiavelli discusses in

Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech - 1538 Words

Martin Luther King Jr.’s legacy is one that is hard to forget due to the impact he had on thousands of African-American individuals and American society as a whole. Martin Luther King Jr. was a pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, however, King is best known for his contributions to the civil rights movement as an activist. One of his most renown works would be his â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. During a dark period in America, people of colour were still being oppressed and held at a lower status than those who were not of colour. They needed a voice and King became that voice amidst the country s turmoil of segregation and inequality. King introduced his speech to the world at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC to a massive†¦show more content†¦Secondly, his use of the rhetorical technique, â€Å"pathos†, created a sense of sympathetic emotion that connected the audience. Further along his speech, Martin Luther King claims, â€Å"Now is the time to lift our nation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , conveying the feeling of empowerment to take action and make a positive difference. Similarly, immediately after he explains that â€Å"there will neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights†, referring to the unwillingness to give up and never lose hope. His speech primarily focused on an ideal world where racism no longer existed rather than speaking on the negative effects of race itself; to uplift all races rather than to solely uplift people of colour and degrade those who were not of colour. Due to this, he made the audience sympathize with African-Americans and reconstruct the mindset of Caucasian people. He establishes an emotional appeal by talking about his children and his urge to embed togetherness and righteousness to relate to other parents. Lastly, â€Å"ethos† is also implemented; considering the fact that Martin Luther King Jr. is an educated African-American doct or, his speech makes him a reliable source because he experienced the hardships while still maintaining and receiving a doctoral degree.Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1849 Words   |  8 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was born into a society that treated him inferior to white people just because he was African-American. As a bright young boy in a diminishing culture, his father reassured him that he was just as good as anyone else. He was determined to work hard, and demonstrate his equality regardless of race. He set out to be the best he could be and graduated high school at the early age of fifteen. Martin Luther King Jr.Read MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech989 Words   |  4 Pages† Because this is one of the most influential quotes of all-time, Martin Luther King Jr. did not fail to expound on her statement. In his life as well as Martin Luther King Jr.â€℠¢s, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, he was an avid and determined African American striving for racial equality. He allowed for others to follow his lead and to continue his legacy as the U.S continues to live on as a nation of freedom, liberty, and security. King’s presentation addresses the African American race, expressing a daringRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1031 Words   |  5 Pagesanything.† Being one of the influential quotes of all-time, Martin Luther King Jr. did not fail to expound on her statement. In his life as well as Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, he was an avid and determined African American striving for racial equality. He allowed for others to follow his lead, and to continue his legacy as the U.S continues to live on as a nation of freedom, liberty, and a home of safe living. King’s presentation addresses the African American race, expressingRead MoreRhetorical Analy sis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1230 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech Professor Hailemarkos Worke ENGL 102 Sefra Belay September 29, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis Essay In Washington DC, on August 28, 1963 was the day that Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. According to Kennedy X.J., et al. in their book, The Brief Bedford Reader, Martin Luther King was an American Baptist minister who became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech987 Words   |  4 PagesIn a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully writtenRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech810 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King’s speech was made after the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. He delivered the â€Å"I Have a dream† speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but veryRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech724 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis M.L.K â€Å"I have a dream† Speech On August 28th 1963, Civil Rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. made his infamous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In the speech, King confronts the mistreatment of the African American community and the lack of free will they contain in society. Throughout the mid-1900s, the Civil Rights Movement took place, influenced by centuries of cruelty towards the African Americans.. The most influential speech in the modern era was said in front of thousands ofRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1751 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was made to thousands of people at the Washington Monument while facing the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963. Dr. King called upon Americas to consider all people, both black and white, to be united, undivided and free. His rhetoric harkened back a hundred years past when the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted during Abraham Lincoln’s term as presid ent which abolished slavery and allowed all people living in America to be equal and have equalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech852 Words   |  4 Pages I Have A Dream is a mesmerizing speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It was delivered to the thousands of Americans on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington. Aimed at the entire nation, King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice towards the mistreated African Americans and to stand up together for the rights afforded to African American under the Constitution. To further convey this purpose more effectively, King cleverly makes use of theRead MoreLiterary Techniques of Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1223 Words   |  5 Pagesago, Martin Luther King electrified America with his momentous I Have a Dream speech. This speech demanded racial justice towards the mistreated black community of America. The theme of the speec h was that all humans were created equal and that this should be the case for the future of America. Kings words proved to touch the hearts of millions of people and gave the nation a vocabulary to express what was happening to the black Americans. This did not happen by chance. Martin Luther Kings speech

Focus Group Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Focus group is a qualitative technique used mostly in marketing research and also other areas of research. This technique is used to collect primary data. This document consists of information about focus group. We will write a custom essay sample on Focus Group or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main objective of this assignment was to investigate how focus groups techniques are used to collect primary data about the phenomenon at hand in the real world. The research method used was Google scholar for academic journals. The campus library database was also used for more academic journals and textbooks from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) different libraries. The main problem experienced in the completion of this document was that most textbooks about this studied topic were outdated in the author’s campus. Hence, different campuses of NMMU were visited and the right textbooks were found. This document presents a review of the literature on focus groups. It continues with an empirical study on organisational corruption in secondary schools. Also included, is the reference list of all cited sources as well as an annexure. 2 FOCUS GROUPS In the collection of primary data there are two research methods that can be of use, quantitative and qualitative methods, which can both be subdivided into idiosyncratic primary data collection methods. Because the main focus of this document is on focus groups, therefore only qualitative techniques will be mentioned which are in-depth interviews, projective techniques and focus groups. Seymour (2004:04) defines focus groups (F. G) as â€Å"group of interacting individuals having some common interest or characteristics, brought together by a moderator, who uses the group and its interactions as a way to gain information about a specific or focused issue†. This technique has been utilised in many fields to collect primary data as mentioned above and its characteristics are discussed in the following section. 2. 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCUS GROUPS When F. G are considered to be used in a certain research study then there are characteristics which have to be taken into account, which are: group size, group composition, physical setting, moderator, recording tools and length f group discussion. Below it is a detailed review on each of the above mentioned characteristics of F. G. 2. 1. 1 Group size When determining to embark on F. G one has to think about the size (number) of that certain F. G. Despite the confusion that can be created by different sources stating a different number of possible group sizes. The research of F. G can be undertaken with a group of 4- 12 people (Tong, Sainsbury amp; Craig 2007:351). Large F. G group size can jeopardise the discussion as it may be difficult to handle the discussion, even so the group size depends on the complexity of the research study. . 1. 2 Group composition After the group size had been decided then the group composition must be considered as well. All participants taking part in a F. G must be homogeneous in the interest of the studied phenomenon (Malhotra amp; Birks 2006:160). Participants with similar characteristics, which the study is about, make the discussion easier and nicely flowing. 2. 1. 3 Physical setting When choosing the venue to carry out a F. G it is imperative that the chosen venue must also meet the aspects of the phenomenon at hand and of the participants. Daymon and Holloway (2002:194) state that â€Å"choosing the right environment for traditional focus groups plays a vital role as it can attract freely expressed opinions from the participants†. 2. 1. 4 Moderator In the success of F. G moderators play a vital role. It is of crucial role that moderators in F. G keep the environment safe so participants can freely express their opinions and most importantly must use probe questions; such requires a great experience from the moderator (Hague, P. , Hague, N. amp; Morgan 2004:53). Therefore, the moderator ought to possess skills such as creating chemistry with the participants, keep the flow of the discussion and analysing the data collected. 2. 1. 5 Recording tools No person can be able to cram exactly a discussion of over 20 minutes by his head; some points will certainly be missed. Wiid amp; Diggines (2009:90) express that â€Å"sessions should preferably be recorded (both visual and audio) so that the researcher can review the sessions later in order to gain further insights†. These tools therefore, assist to keep the already realised needed data and the data that the moderator was unaware of during the discussion. 2. 1. 6 Length of group discussion When planning F. G it is essential to plan the duration precisely as it may play an impact on the data collected. However, just like group sizes, length of F. G depends on the complexity of the issue at hand. The more complex of the issue is the more the duration of the discussion is required, but if so then breaks must be taken in between to let the participants to enliven and produce successful F. G (Malhotra amp; Birks 2006:161). While on the hand, Seymour (2004:05) being unambiguous reveals that â€Å"most focus groups encompass 90 minutes to three hours of discussion†. With the above discussed characteristics of F. G considered, then one has to scrutinise the advantages and disadvantages of F. G. The following section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of F. G. 2. 2 ADVANTAGES F. G has its own advantages which can attract this technique to be used. These advantages are discussed individually beneath. Cost- because discussions are done simultaneously then it reduces the cost (Wiid amp; Diggines 2009:91). Speed- because a number of individuals are being interviewed at the same time, data collection and analysis proceeds speedily (Gerber-Nel, Nel amp; Kotze 2003:104). Synergy- a discussion with a number of participants can also be of help by generating more information than one-on-one interviews (University of Toronto [UT] 2002:02). Snowball- Malhotra amp; Birks (2006:162) state that â€Å"a bandwagon effect often operates in a group discussion in that one person’s comment triggers a chain reaction from the other respondents†. In elaboration, a comment from one of the participants may reveal an idea to some other participant(s). Scientific scrutiny- because the moderator is also in the venue of discussion with participants, it also gives the moderator the opportunity to also observe (Malhotra amp; Birks 2006:162). However, disadvantages investigated by the author are more than the mentioned above but the above mentioned are those anticipated as most important. 2. 3 DISADVANTAGES Focus groups have advantages which can jeopardise the collected data or the data collection process itself. These advantages are explained below. Misjudgement- Gerber-Nel et al (2003:104) utter that â€Å"results are misinterpreted due to bias†. Non representative sample- because of the small number of participants in total as compared to quantitative, therefore participants in F. G cannot represent any population (Wiid amp; Diggines 2009:91). Inconclusive results- the results of F. G only retort to ‘what’ but not ‘why’ which can sometimes make the narrow and create a need for a quantitative research study (Gerber-Nel et al 2003:104). Difficulty in analysing- this method mostly consists of words which make it more difficult to analyse (Grudens-Schuck, Allen amp; Larson 2004: ¶9). 2. 4 WHEN TO USE FOCUS GROUPS With the above discussed sections it is also vital for one to know when to utilise F. G. Focus groups are mostly used to discover behaviour, perceptions, attitudes and processes (Hague et al 2004:50). These traits that F. G are used to discover which responds to the question of ‘when to use focus groups? ’, which in respond will be, F. G can be used in; stand alone method, supplementary to a survey and as a part of multi method design (Daymon amp; Hollower 2002:188). The following section will discuss the use of F. G in the study of organisational corruption in secondary schools in Turkey and the information provided is based on annexure A. 3 FOCUS GROUP STUDY ON ORGANISATIONAL CORRUPTION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ANKARA In Turkey after it was seen that the level of corruption in secondary schools is high, it was then seen important that a study on this problem should be undertaken. The moderator and his assistant decided to use F. G study to identify the perceptions of teachers in Ankara (a city in Turkey). The group sizes of the study were eight and nine respectively, which in total consisted of 17 participants (12 males and 5 females). These participants were chosen due to homogeneous attributes meeting the studied problem, because this study is about secondary schools therefore the participants were critically recruited due to their profession of teaching. Thereafter, the moderator and his assistant held the F. G in a cosmopolitan city of Turkey known by the name Ankara. Apaydin amp; Balci (2011:821) state that in the study â€Å"audio and video recordings were taken informed consent†. Which helped to later on even realise information shared which the researchers were not aware of. The duration of each focus group was 90 minutes, which the researchers felt the time it was the right time, for each group discussion. The fact that F. G were held made it less costly for this study than any other possible study because a large number of people participated in this study at a time which also made it quite quicker. Some points in this study were raised up by addition or revealing of another idea by some other participant’s comment. On the other hand, the researchers also saw that because at first the participants were suppose to represent secondary schools of Turkey as a nation then later converted to the cosmopolitan city Ankara but still the researchers saw that the number of total participants is quite diminutive to represent such large population. On the findings of this study it was seen of importance that further study should be carried out on different groups so the findings can be generalised. CONCLUSION This study has been a great study which can be improvised in a way. Such way is that the researchers must carry on with the focus groups and compare findings, if even after several discussions same findings are gathered then it would be a point where the findings can be generalised for the secondary schools in Ankara. REFERENCE LIST Apaydin, C. amp; Balci, A. 2011. Education. Org anizational Corruption in Secondary Schools: A Focus Group Study, 131(4):818-829. Daymon, C. amp; Holloway, I. 2002. Qualitative research methods in public relations andmarketing communications. London: Routledge. Gerber-Nel, C. , Nel, D. amp; Kotze, T. 2003. Marketing research. Claremont: New African Books. Grudens-Schuck, N. , Allen, B. L. amp; Larson, K. 2004. Focus group fundamentals. Methodology Brief: 9. Hague, P. , Hague, N. amp; Morgan, C. 2004. Marketing research in practice: A guide to the basics. London: Kogan Page. Malhotra, N. K. amp; Birks, D. F. 2006. Marketing research: An applied approach. 2nd rev ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Seymour, A. 2004. Focus groups. An Important Tool for Strategic Planning:1-32. Tong, A. , Sainsbury, P. amp; Craig, J. 2007. International journal for quality in health care. Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ): a 32-item Checklist for Interviews and Focus Groups, 19(6):349-357. University of Toronto. 2002. The health communication unit. Using Focus Groups, 02:1-59. Wiid, J. amp; Diggines, C. 2009. Marketing research. Cape Town: Juta. ANNEXURE A: ORGANIZATIONAL CORRUPTION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: A FOCUS GROUP STUDY How to cite Focus Group, Papers

DJ Teebee K - Deeper Side of Drum Bass free essay sample

One of the best drum and bass albums in the world of break beats has just joined my CD collection. Although produced two years ago, â€Å"The Deeper Side of Drum and Bass† brings a new line of fresh beats and bass lines directly to your ears. Since 1997, Teebee and K have collaborated with some of the best musicians and created elaborate mixes. This album is no different and is a brilliant testimony to their talents. At times I am biased when it comes to reviewing un-familiar artists, but this review is an exception. The first track, â€Å"Now,† has a fast tempo but that doesn’t stop the other sounds from making a difference in the song’s overall quality. The next four tracks bring a vibrant edge of bass developed by Teebee himself. My favorite song on the album is â€Å"7th Dynasty,† which has a retro feel but more importantly ventures into a more foreign sound with the help of flutes. We will write a custom essay sample on DJ Teebee K Deeper Side of Drum Bass or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rest of the album is just as great, and with 16 tracks in all, you’re guaranteed to dance into infinity. Most of the tracks don’t have vocals but the mixing abilities of Teebee and K make up for that in dramatic fashion. Lately, more and more people will tell you that drum and bass is about to die out. I can honestly say that this will not happen with the help of record labels and artists like Teebee and K. I definitely recommend this album and hope Teebee and K continue to produce more albums just like this one.

Human Resource Management at Microsoft

Introduction People who work in an organization or in a company make the human resource of that company. Thus, human resource management is concerned with how people are managed in an organization in order to increase their productivity and profitability (Smith, 2006). Different companies employ different employment strategies since the goods and services companies deal with are different thus calling for different approaches.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management at Microsoft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other fact is that different people in an organization have different views, aspirations, and feelings towards different situations in an organization (Malhotra Galleta, 2003). Human Resources Management has of late been used in referring to approaches which seek to manage the needs of the company as well as the needs of the people. Human resource management entails analyzing the dif ferent views and aspirations people have within the organization and make them work towards the success of the company. In summary, how an organization connects to its employees is all what human resource is concerned with. In trying to manage and solve the problem of Human Management Resources there have been various approaches initiated towards solving the problem and experts have come up with various theories and concepts that try to define human resource management. The human resource management sector has been studied for a long period in motivation science of human behavioural science movement. The fact that people always work in order to satisfy certain needs as they climb up the ladder is a major study of concern to many experts. During the same period, concepts of job design for example how satisfying a job is and the chances of promotion in certain jobs are also considered in the human resource management. Evidence shows that people work harder if there is satisfaction in the organization and thus there is need for the management to design challenging and interesting jobs which are geared towards gaining the full attention and commitment of the worker. Theories explaining how human beings relate were introduced in the 1960s and others later in the 1970s.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managers at that time were using Maslow and Herzberg‘s theories in their management strategies. When designing a new theory the applicability of the theory, the limitations and the benefits of using certain theory (and not the other) should be considered by any company that hopes to succeed. Microsoft Company The Microsoft Company stands as one among the most successful and wealthiest companies in the United States of America and the world as a whole. For matters concerning human resource management, the company is an employee driven organization. Technol ogically, Microsoft is way ahead of other companies and the company success has always been based on the employees’ efforts as we shall see in this study. The company has always placed its employees among the very important component for its success thus human resource management study of the company would be an interesting issue to study about. Human Resource Management at Microsoft Company Background The company was co-founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975. Since then the company has never looked back as it has grown to become a multinational company dominating the American and the world market in the computing industry. Among the products which gave the company a prominent name are the two operating systems; which are the MS- DOS system (Micro Soft Disc Operation System) which is no longer in use and the Windows operating system which has been undergoing modifications and improvements since its introduction in the year 1998 (Oak, n.d; Aruvian, 2009). The Hiring Proc ess: During its Beginning Period Ever since it’s beginning Bill Gates has been the torch and the leader of Microsoft. On the issues of recruiting new employees he always believed at recruiting the brightest and the most smart students in the universities thereby preferring intelligence over what many companies look for, which is experience (Priyadarshini, 2010). This history of hiring new fresh but bright graduates has been practiced ever since the company began in the year 1975 when the co-founder, Paul Allen, recruited and employed the smart guys they used to know and studied with in the university or the smartest guys they could find in the universities at that time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management at Microsoft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the beginning the company discovered and put it into their minds that the employees were the greatest assets thus managing them in a healthy and a comfortable manner was one of its core foundations. Ever since then, the company has employed recruitment strategies that align with their philosophy which always aims at seeking the smartest and the most driven people. When recruiting, the company began with sourcing for bright people from the prestigious institutions such as the Harvard, Yale, and other colleges in the country then assessment followed there after. Once selected the students underwent a very involving assessment process and the first stage began with an interview where one was to face an interviewing panel of about three to ten people from the company’s Human Resource department. The interviews were very involving and the fact they were looking for intelligence and not experience is confirmed by Silistre (2007) when he states that: These interviews are designed not only to test knowledge, but also testing thought processes, problem-solving abilities, and work habits. Technical interviews are described as being focused mainly on problem-solving, with interviewers posing problem scenarios in which the recruits are supposed to find solutions. To test the composure of the candidate and also their creative problem-solving skills, unexpected questions were also included (Par 3). Soon after this, the potential candidates left and awaited feed back from the hiring team who either hired or did not hire according to what their interests were. The interviewing panel was also very considerate of those who did not succeed as it forwarded to them reports indicating where their weaknesses had been observed and sometimes what needed to be done. The interviewing process was usually a hectic activity to the recruits as most of the time they were pushed to their limits. The assumption being that if they were pushed to the limits and succeeded during the interviews then that meant they could survive in the company working environment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If most of the recruits passed through the interviews then the hiring department forwarded their names to the manager who was now served with the role of hiring or not hiring the recruits according to what his judgment would be. Interviewing was the final phase. The person was meant to check that the individual the company intended to hire was fully qualified and that the due procedures had been followed during the hiring process. This reduced the chances of managers hiring the wrong and unqualified persons just because of the fact that they had vacant positions which needed filling. The Hiring Process: As At the Present Time The company has retained its basic hiring strategies but with the company expanding globally it has been hard for the company to source for recruits only from the universities rather there has been a need also to source employees from other places. Despite all these, the hiring process has remained active rather than passive with the company still aiming at rec ruiting the existing best in the field. The firm has taken advantage of other rival firms which have been laying off their employees also by monitoring and recruiting them to their company. Through all these, the company has still been seeking for the best as this can be confirmed by Silistre (2007) as he indicates that; Microsoft’s euphemism for the kind of highly talented and driven people they sought – the pursuit was relentless, if subtle. Regular telephone calls at discreet intervals, conversations at industry conventions, invitations to formal dinners – recruiting team members employed every means possible to keep the lines of communication open (par.12). For example when AOL was down sizing, the company assembled a team to go identify the best talent and start communicating with them with the aim of hiring them in future. In every aspect of the company its mission and vision explains what the company hopes to attain or the position it hopes to be in futur e and that is mostly explained by the type of the employees a company hires. As we can ascertain from the above, Microsoft still employs different practices than what most companies do. The recruitment method of the company is simply based on how the employee can fulfill the company needs by recruiting the very best people in the job market. Their recruitment process is based on hiring the right type of a person; somebody with the capabilities of meeting the company demands rather than focusing on experience or skill levels what other many companies look for. Silistre (2007) explains that in human resources management â€Å"Experiential Approach human resources are described as an important source of competitive advantage. Microsoft use human resources for competitive advantage, basing their success on having the very best people in the industry and inspiring them to be the best. It is this that leads to Microsoft’s unique recruitment practices.† (Par.10). their desire to have the best class of employees in the industry justifies why their recruitment process is among the less understood strategies of hiring employees in the world. As long as the recruitment process main idea is fulfilling a human resource need in the company, then the company urge to look for the best will always continue. This can be shown as it happened some years back when the company needed a human resource manager, the company picked Brummel an executive in the company with no HR experience. When the CEO was asked about it he simply said the company culture demanded it be done that way. Considering that Brummel had been with the company for a period of about 7 years it was explained that she knew many things about the company than a hired human resource expert could ever know, (Anonymous, 2007). Their approach is mainly focused at meeting the company needs not just filling the position but fulfilling some company goals and this has led to the success of Microsoft and it has grown to become a major industry power both in the United States of America and the World at large. The recruiting staff should is always a member of the section where the company needs to be filled so as to be well informed about the department needs and what qualities are being looked into at the same time ensuring that the candidates are not misinformed about the negative characteristics of the job they are looking forward to. To ensure no negative characteristics of the job are given, most of the final interviews are conducted by the managers themselves. The interview moves a step further and rather than informing the recruit the negative aspects that he or she might face during the employment period, the process itself prepares the recruits on how they would react if they were faced by the certain negative aspects of the job. Putting the recruits under the same situation they would be if exposed to the true job gives the company a chance of hiring only the best and the well ad apted to pressures that may arise during the job. The assumption is that if the employee succeeds at the selection process then if faced by the same situation in the job he or she would still succeed. Achieving Employees’ Loyalty and Satisfaction As we have discussed above, the company values its employees very much and thus ever since it was founded it has always attempted to meet and satisfy the need of its workers. With the company employing mostly young graduate from the universities, the company has created a favorable environment for working creating an environment which suits the age of its employees. This is confirmed by Silistre (2007) when quoting a former human resource manager asking that â€Å"how do you make young kids who had never been away from home – or only as far as college – comfortable? He explains that they wanted to keep the atmosphere at work one they were somewhat familiar with, and also make sure it gave them a sense of social belongi ng† (par 15). The environment created includes giving every employee his or her own office to work in and allowing them to decorate them in which ever way they want. To enhance loyalty further, the company also offers its employees food at subsidized prices and this works as a motivation to the employees. There have been horizontal transfers within the company whose main aims have been to develop a multifaceted worker who can work in any department and this improved the growth of the workers tremendously. Observers have noted that very few employees leave the company through dismissal rather the majority leave on their own without any conflicting occasions experienced. Only in the 1990s that the company was experiencing a high rate of its employees leaving the jobs and seeking alternatives in the rival firms and this led to the company doing a survey to find what the problems were and how the required changes could be implemented to ensure that everybody was comfortable. The c ompany resolved that the top management was to train the junior employees as this would help in developing them. This was very vital since it gave the employees an opportunity to develop further. The company was also focused on how to increase its employees’ satisfaction and commitment to Microsoft as a company while still maintaining the same goals that the company was founded on and since then the company has been a success. Performance- Culture Model Since its foundation, the co-owner, Bill Gates always believed that employee ownership was critical in improving motivation and also enabling the company retains its employees for a longer period. The company thus offered its employees high wages and options of owning equities by buying shares from the company based on the performance once it was listed on the stock exchange. The aim of offering stocks based on the performance and reward was and still remains that the employees are motivated to perform better due to the increa sed bonuses awards and stock options. The performance goals of the employees were measured against the company objectives which were shortened to the word â€Å"SMART, Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results based and Time bound† (Silistre, 2007: Par 16) and the rewards could be based depending on how one had attained the above. The review process included common assessments by the managers to ensure that there were no deviations to the required standards and also the system also has options for self assessment who then forwards the reports to the managers for them to do the evaluation. Thereafter, the manager and the employees meet to discuss the assessment and what needs to be done. The stock options awards are usually given only to those customers who seem to be long term assets to the company and this works to the best of the company as it tries to retain its best and most efficient employees. Motivation of the Employee in Microsoft Company Silistre (2007) when quoting McNamara says that, â€Å"the key to supporting the motivation of your employees is through understanding what motivates each of them† (Par 22). The relationship between the employer and the employee to Microsoft is a very important issue. The Microsoft Company has always ensured that the company goals are well understood through its strong culture that still goes on in the company. The employees are always aware from the first day they are employed in the company of what is required of them. A common saying goes that you cannot take a donkey to the river and force it to drink water. The donkey has to be thirsty in order to drink the water. The thirsty feeling motivates the donkey to drink water. Without the thirst there would be no motivation or the donkey to drink the water. For the case of Microsoft Company, motivation is providing a work environment in which everyone feels satisfied through on their own at the same time serving the organizational goals and objectives (Sil istre, 2007). The same thing can be described of motivation. In his motivation theory, Fredrick Herzberg stated that motivation involves hygiene factors which include the work and organization environment. The hygiene factors include the organization, policies and their administration, salary, status and job security among other factors. He explains that the factors may not lead to high levels of motivation though but when such qualities lack there is dissatisfaction among the employees. He explains the second factor which promotes this motivation theory involves actually what goes on in the organization and what the employees do in order to develop an inbuilt motivation with the work force. Achievement and recognition are among other factors that make the work force be intrinsically motivated. These two concepts as explained by Herzeberg, yields more motivation. Employees should be treated as best as possible with minimum or no dissatisfaction at all (Accel Team, 2010). Those who a re recruited to the company and the systems where they work in provide the necessary motivation as required by the workers. In his theory, the hierarchy of needs, Maslow (1943) explains that no matter how well individuals (in our case a company employees) are satisfied, they may still sometimes (if not a usual thing) develop some discontentment. That is unless the company ensures that the individual is doing what is best suited for him. He gives an example that people must be allowed to do what they are trained to do and doing it best. For instance allowing a man to be what best he can be. This is what many call self actualization. The hierarchy of needs as explained by Maslow increases as the basic needs are fulfilled, new needs will emerge and these needs are not that crucial but psychologically they are. The ever increasing needs is all what is meant. â€Å"This is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency which domin ates human beings and when these too are satisfied newer ones will emerge†, (Marslow, 1943: 375). The Microsoft Company provides all these to its employees and the staff in general and the company lays its demands from the employees to be the very best they can ever be. Silistre quotes one of the employees as saying the â€Å"only way to achieve here is to push the envelope of what you can do. Every day try to do better. Work harder. Innovate more. People are focused 100% on performing their job as successfully as possible† (Par 25). Self actualization in the company can also be seen with the type of the employees the company hires. They are the brightest and the smartest among their peers thus for them to achieve self actualization there is a need for them to be pushed harder and be given the opportunity to achieve more than what ordinary employees can achieve. Employee Loyalty and Satisfaction The company has been implementing strategies aimed at empowering itsâ€℠¢ employees. For any organization to empower its employees there is always a need for a developed culture which allows this to happen. In the case of Microsoft, a change of culture as the survey indicated above was needed and it has brought about the success of the company in that every employee feels some ownership to the company as they are free to make innovative decisions and then forward to the management for approval if deemed successful or revisions are made if improvements are needed to make the idea work successfully. In a SWOT analysis done by Hafner and Hilbert (2001) the two describe one of the company strengths being attributed to the flexible workforce the company employs and the loyal and devoted workforce who in addition to a good pay also have chances of doing well by buying the company stocks, this works as a motivation towards working even harder. For the young employees to be at par with the older employees there has been continued activity of the older employees coaching the young employees and preparing them for what is needed of them. Satisfaction of doing any job in many companies Microsoft included depends on the complexity of the job, the value of doing the work and the physical effort that need to be invested in the job. Microsoft Company ensures that the more complex the job is the higher are the returns associated with the activity. Bill Gates as the manager and the co-founder of the Microsoft Company has always placed his employees’ way above where most other companies place them. The expectancy theory as indicated by Vroom state that the belief that one thing will lead to another is likely to bring motivation if there exists a relationship between the performance and the outcome. It is always seen as a way of satisfying a need. The expectancy theory also explains about the rewards which come together with effort (Armstrong, 2006). This theory is being applied at Microsoft as the company reward system has shown. Issuing of equities to the most valued employees creates a form of partnership in that even when the employee is doing his work his productivity also improves his current status in the organization as his shares improves on value as the company continues to gain profits. The company reward system is also based on two options: the technical path and the management path. This is a very good consideration due to the fact that as we move up the company ladder the management requires less technical skills compared to the management skills (Rosen, 2003; Strebel Lu, 2008). The company values technical skills due to its products nature. â€Å"In most organizations, employees with conceptual skills would be rewarded by moving up the corporate ladder, while those with technical skills would not advance. Microsoft, however, offers two advancement paths, allowing those with technical skills to advance as technical experts, just as those with conceptual skills advance as managers† (Silistre. 2010: par 30). With the just ending economic crisis, the company was not spared either and it has been working on how to reduce the expenses and increase its profitability. The economic crisis effect has also driven the fact that the existing customers pool need to be reserved and this has resulted in cancelled conferences and business meetings as the top brass in the company visit their customers. The company has also been urging its’ employees to put more effort in maintaining their customers by ensuring products are released on time and with the promised features (Bass, 2009). The promise comes after the company still reeling from the economic crunch and its’ plan to retrench about 5000 jobs in the year 2010 and more in the following years until it can be in a position to recover fully. This shows that despite the company success some issues still need to be checked to ensure that the company remains a major profit earner as well as a major employer (Johnston, 2009). Conc lusion Microsoft company success can be attributed to the effective human resource policies that the company applies. The way the company has modeled its HRM policies is an example that if businesses are run with both the vision of the employee and the employer being intertwined there is no doubt a company can succeed. Reference List Accel Team, 2010. Human Relation Contributors Web. Available from: http://www.accel-team.com/human_relations/hrels_05_herzberg.html . Anonymous, 2007. Reshaping Microsoft’s HR Agenda Web. Available from: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_37/b4049070.htm . Armstrong, M. 2006. A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice: 10th Edition. London, Chartered Institute of Personnel Development Aruvia, R. 2009. Analysis of Microsoft Corporation Web. Available from: http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=552139 . Bass, D. 2009. Microsoft Prescribes Permanent ‘Diet’ As Sales Slump (update 3) Web. Available from: http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=aFRrN7b_DxGg . Hafner, A. W; Hibbert, E.L: 2001. SWOT Analysis: Microsoft Corporation Web. Available from: http://www.bsu.edu/libraries/ahafner/awh-th-swot-ms.html . Johnston, S. 2009. Microsoft Misses Earnings, First Layoffs Ahead Web. Available from: http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/3797906/Microsoft-Misses-Earnings-First-Layoffs-Ahead.htm . Malhotra, Y; Galleta, D.F. 2003. Role of commitment and motivation in knowledge management systems implementation: theory, conceptualization and measurement of antecedents of success. Proceedings of Hawaii International conference on system sciences Web. Available from: http://www.brint.org/KMSuccess.pdf . Maslow, A.H. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation: Psychological Review Web. Available from: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm . Oak, M. Not Dated. When Was Microsoft Founded and By Whom? Web. Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/when-was-mi crosoft-founded-and-by-whom.html . Priyadarshini J. 2010. Microsoft’s HR Strategy – an Analysis Web. Available from: http://fliiby.com/get/825727/HR-Planning-Strategy-at-Microsoft-Inc-u1lug4adz7.html . Silistre, H, 2007. Human Resource Management at Microsoft Web. Available from: http://www.articlesbase.com/human-resources-articles/human-resource-management-at-microsoft-228974.html . Smith, A. 2006. Control or capability? Human resource practices for a changing environment Web. Available from: http://www.consortiumresearchprogram.net.au/html/images/stories/Documents/ra6_issues_paper.pdf . Strebel, P; Lu, Hongze. 2008. Perspective for Managers Web. Available from: http://www.imd.org/research/publications/upload/PFM161_LR_Strebel_Lu.pdf . Rosen, C. 2003. The Employee Ownership Update: Microsoft Replaces Options With Restricted Stock Web. Available from: http://www.nceo.org/main/column.php/id/145 . This essay on Human Resource Management at Microsoft was written and submitted by user Jeram1ah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gustav Kirchhoff and Kirchhoffs Laws for Electrical Circuits

Gustav Kirchhoff and Kirchhoff's Laws for Electrical Circuits Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (March 12, 1824–October 17, 1887) was a German physicist. He is best known for developing Kirchhoff’s laws, which quantify the current and voltage in electrical circuits. In addition to Kirchhoff’s laws, Kirchhoff made a number of other fundamental contributions to physics, including work on spectroscopy and blackbody radiation. Fast Facts: Gustav Kirchhoff Full Name: Gustav Robert KirchhoffOccupation: PhysicistKnown For: Developed Kirchhoffs laws for electrical circuitsBorn: March 12, 1824 in Kà ¶nigsberg, PrussiaDied: October 17, 1887 in Berlin, GermanyParents’ Names: Carl Friedrich Kirchhoff, Juliane Johanna Henriette von WittkeSpouses Names: Clara Richelot (m. 1834-1869), Benovefa Karolina Sopie Luise Brà ¶mmel (m. 1872) Early Years and Education Born in Kà ¶nigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), Gustav Kirchhoff was the youngest of three sons. His parents were Carl Friedrich Kirchhoff, a law counselor devoted to the Prussian state, and Juliane Johanna Henriette von Wittke. Kirchhoff’s parents encouraged their children to serve the Prussian state as best as they were able. Kirchoff was an academically strong student, so he planned to become a university professor, which was considered a civil servant role in Prussia at that time. Kirchhoff attended Kneiphofische High School with his brothers and received his diploma in 1842. After graduating high school, Kirchhoff began studying in the Mathematics-Physics department at the Albertus University of Kà ¶nigsberg. There, Kirchhoff attended a mathematics-physics seminar from 1843 to 1846 developed by the mathematicians Franz Neumann and Carl Jacobi. Neumann in particular had a profound impact on Kirchhoff, and encouraged him to pursue mathematical physics – a field which focuses on developing mathematical methods for problems in physics. While studying with Neumann, Kirchhoff published his first paper in 1845 at age 21. This paper contained the two Kirchhoff’s laws, which allow for the calculation of the current and voltage in electrical circuits. Kirchhoff's Laws Kirchhoff’s laws for current and voltage are at the foundation of analyzing electrical circuits, allowing for the quantification of current and voltage within the circuit. Kirchhoff derived these laws by generalizing the results of Ohm’s law, which states that the current between two points is directly proportional to the voltage between those points and inversely proportional to the resistance. Kirchhoff’s first law says that at a given junction in a circuit, the current going into the junction must equal the sum of the currents leaving the junction. Kirchhoff’s second law says that if there is a closed loop in a circuit, the sum of the voltage differences within the loop equals zero. Through his collaboration with Bunsen, Kirchhoff developed three Kirchhoff’s laws for spectroscopy: Incandescent solids, liquids, or dense gases – which light up after they are heated – emit a continuous spectrum of light: they emit light at all wavelengths.A hot, low-density gas produces an emission-line spectrum: the gas emits light at specific, discrete wavelengths, which can be seen as bright lines in an otherwise dark spectrum.A continuous spectrum traversing through a cooler, low-density gas produces an absorption-line spectrum: the gas absorbs light at specific, discrete wavelengths, which can be seen as dark lines in an otherwise continuous spectrum. Because atoms and molecules produce their own unique spectra, these laws allow for the identification of atoms and molecules found in the object being studied. Kirchhoff also performed important work in thermal radiation, and proposed Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation in 1859. This law states that the emissivity (ability to emit energy as radiation) and absorbance (ability to absorb radiation) of an object or surface are equal at any wavelength and temperature, if the object or surface is at static thermal equilibrium. While studying thermal radiation, Kirchhoff also coined the term â€Å"black body† to describe a hypothetical object which absorbed all incoming light and thus emitted all of that light when it was maintained at a constant temperature to establish thermal equilibrium. In 1900, the physicist Max Planck would hypothesize that these black bodies absorbed and emitted energy in certain values called â€Å"quanta.† This discovery would serve as one of the key insights for quantum mechanics. Academic Career In 1847, Kirchhoff graduated from Kà ¶nigsberg University, and became an unpaid lecturer at Berlin University in Germany in 1848. In 1850, he became an associate professor at Breslau University and in 1854 a professor of physics at Heidelberg University. At Breslau, Kirchhoff met the German chemist Robert Bunsen, after whom the Bunsen burner was named, and it was Bunsen who arranged for Kirchhoff to come to Heidelberg University. In the 1860s, Kirchhoff and Bunsen showed that each element could be identified with a unique spectral pattern, establishing that spectroscopy could be used to experimentally analyze the elements. The pair would discover the elements cesium and rubidium while investigating the elements in the sun using spectroscopy. In addition to his work in spectroscopy, Kirchhoff would also study blackbody radiation, coining the term in 1862. His work is considered fundamental to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1875, Kirchhoff became the chair of mathematical physics at Berlin. He later retired in 1886. Later Life and Legacy Kirchhoff died on October 17, 1887 in Berlin, Germany at the age of 63. He is remembered for his contributions to the field of physics as well as his influential teaching career. His Kirchhoffs laws for electrical circuits are now taught as part of introductory physics courses on electromagnetism. Sources Hockey, Thomas A., editor. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2014.Inan, Aziz S. â€Å"What did Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Stumble Upon 150 Years Ago?† Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 73–76.â€Å"Kirchhoff’s Laws.† Cornell University, http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/kirchhoff.htm.Kurrer, Karl-Eugen. The History of the Theory of Structures: from Arch Analysis to Computational Mechanics. Ernst Sohn, 2008.â€Å"Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.† Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics, and You, 2015, https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/kirchhoff.html.O’Connor, J. J., and Robertson, E. F. â€Å"Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.† University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 2002.Palma, Christopher. â€Å"Kirchoff’s Laws and Spectroscopy.† The Pennsylvania State University, https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l3_p6.html.

Cultural Imperialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cultural Imperialism - Essay Example Since media plays a vital role in the cultural lives of millions of people and the fact that media sector is by and large controlled by Western interests, there have been arguments in favor of the idea ‘cultural imperialism’. Although the central postulate of cultural imperialism thesis remains valid due to the lopsidedness in the global media market, the so-called cultural imperialism through the Western cultural products cannot be seen as one sided as the theorists of cultural imperialism perspective understood it to be. In the light of the recent developments taking place in the media sector, especially the regional media in the developing countries and the changes bought by the new media technologies, this paper intends to present the basic theoretical tenets of cultural imperialism and the challenges to it from various perspectives. The core concern of the essay is to examine what is remaining relevant with the arguments and concerns regarding cultural imperialism a nd the criticisms provided by the contesting theoretical doctrines from the vantage point of the tremendous transformations occurring with the global media culture from the very beginning of twenty first century. Explaining Cultural Imperialism The widespread availability of American cultural products such as music, television channels, entertainment and informational commodities is one of the important factors that enable the lopsided influence of American culture over the rest of the world. Therefore, Schiller famously defines cultural imperialism as "the sum of processes by which a society is brought into the modern world system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced, and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to, or even promote, the values and structures of the dominating centre of the system" (Schiller, 1976: 9). Importantly, Schiller (1969) has found a common ground between the study of media dominance and theories of economic imperialism. For him, it is necessary to look at theories such as world systems and dependency theories in order to explore the dynamics of domination in the sphere of communication. For Schiller, it is nothing but the viability of American indu strial economy that furthers "the movements towards international commercialization of broadcasting" (Schiller, 1969: 9). And, hence, the enhanced spread of cultural imperialism. On the economic realm, the proliferation of American products has a penetrating impact over the determination of the cultural aspects of the lives of millions of people from outside the United States. Many theorists have almost equated cultural imperialism with American cultural imperialism as if the United States alone is the conductor of the concert of global cultural imperialism. What is important to note that there is no single culture that alone oppresses other cultures. With reference to the nation state as the overwhelming reality in the modern world, it is possible to classify cultural imperialism as cultural imperia

Skills Of Scholar-Practitioners Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skills Of Scholar-Practitioners - Assignment Example In order to perform the last stage, critical thinking, it is relevant to take part in coursework and writing, thus enabling me to become a connoisseur in my field. Academic writing enables me to better analyze and evaluate relevant information of my field and develop my personal critical reflections based on the latest developments in the modern researchers and studies. Professional communication is triggered once a person is able to identify relevant information for discussion, remember and understand it and further on discuss it with other scientists because the truth is born of arguments (Bell 2007, p. 55). With the help of modern technologies and the Internet web, it is possible to develop proficient searches in different fields. Online libraries and databases are fertile grounds for further improvements and scholar-practitioner skills’ application. In order to advance by basic and proficient skills of a scholar-practitioner, I am going to:1) Outline relevant databases for my research field;2) Evaluate and analyze information available from online and printed sources;3) Remember and understand it;4) Use smart think, the writing center, communicate with faculty members and colleagues for support. Moreover, in order to penetrate into depths of scholar-practitioner skills and information search strategies, I am going to go up the ladder of Paul and Elder’s six stages for developing a good habit of thought. Currently, I am at stage four: The Practicing thinker.

Does Thatcherism mark a radical break in British Politics Essay

Does Thatcherism mark a radical break in British Politics - Essay Example The political system implemented a number of social and economic reforms that stabilized the British society on the pillars of constant economic growth and peaceful coexistence of the citizens. The political ideologies fostered by Thatcherism fostered a classical liberalism comparable to the Rogernomics in the United States of America, in New Zealand and the economic rationalism in Australia. The system promoted reduction in the inflation rates and a free market implemented via a tight control of the supply of money into the market. These economic policies resulted in extensive privatization of some of the previous government institutions to give the citizens more control of the economy; it also led to extensive labor reforms (Johnson, 1988). The labor reforms made working conditions better for most of the civil service, and the expansion of the private sector increased the sector’s ability to offer more employment to the population. All these efforts contributed to the develo pment of a strong economy that was the dream of Margret Thatcher and, as research shows, other leaders that had come before her. Butler, Adonis & Travers, (1994) explain that Thatcherism as a system of politics introduced a unique system of governance that the previous regimes had not thought of before. After assuming office in 1979, Thatcher understood why numerous critics had previously referred the country to as ungovernable. Thatcher, on the contrary, sought to stamp her authority as the leader of the most famous political party and as the leader of the government. In most occasions, she bypassed a number of preexisting structures of governance such as parliamentary and cabinet commissions and portrayed a more personal leader of the government especially during crises. This form of administration proved fundamental in times of crises, Thatcher stamped her authority during the Falkland wars and the IRA bombs both in which she took over the management of the military and brought s anity and order once again (Adeney & Lloyd, 1988). With the wide success of the more personal form of administration, Thatcher managed to build a more prosperous society free from terror attacks despite the strong economic growth. The military expanded and developed more loyalty to the leader of the government. The country had previously yearned for this type of governance, and she developed a stable economy, the one in which law, order reigned, and the populace portrayed more spirit of patriotism towards their nation. Thatcher thus tried and tested the new form of governance and passed the mantle to other preceding regimes. To this day and through the elaborative form of David Cameron’s regime, it is evident that the prime minister is more involved with the populace and stamps his authority in the formulation and implementation of policies. Margret Thatcher made official the political system, but prior to her, a number of other political leaders had tried to introduce the ra dical economic reforms and give more economic power to the common person. The decades before Thatcherism, the country had a less favored system of politics referred to as the Buttskellite consensus. This was a purely capitalist system of leadership that made a few influential persons extremely wealthy while the rest of the population was left in abject poverty. Capitalist system of

Theories for Product Bundling

Theories for Product Bundling RASHIDA ABDULHAMID WHY DO FIRM BUNDLE TWO PRODUCTS TOGETHER AND HOW IS IT LIKELY FOR THEM TO MAKE PROFIT? What is product bundling? Product bundling is simply means combining two or more goods together and selling them as on one combined product. It is mostly common in market with imperfect competitive product. It is a marketing strategy that joins products or services together in order to sell them as a single combined unit. Bundling allows customers to purchase two or several product at the convenient purchasing power from one company. The products and services are usually related, but they can also consist of dissimilar products which appeal to one group of customers. It based on consumer’s value the grouped package more than the individual items. Why do producer go into product bundling? Producers go into product bundling because of so many reasons, bundling of two products gives the producer to offer more affordable prices for their customer with also a better interest for them. Bundling enhances an organizations offering mix while at the same time minimizing cost of both production and selling. This is attractive to consumers who will benefit from a single, value-oriented purchase of complementary offerings. Bundling is attractive to producers by increasing efficiencies, such reducing marketing and distribution costs. It can also encourage customers to look to one single source to offer several solutions. Product bundling may also incorporate products from multi producers. Example of this is the palo alto software may include one of their business planning product with an accounting software package, or participate in a small business bundle† through a major computer manufacturer whose customers would have the opportunity to purchase with their new PC. In these situations, bundles may cost effectively open to new marketing channels. FACTORS CONSIDER WHEN BUNDLING INCLUDE VOLUME: bundling typically increases unit sales volume. MARGING: bundling can reduce margins. EXPPOSURE: bundling may offer new channel opportunities or exposure to new potential customers. RISK: if executed incorrectly, bundling may cannibalize more profitable sale, resulting in lower contribution margins and potential channel conflict. This last example has three important implications. First, the market outcome is not necessarily efficient, in the sense that a social planner with full information and no costs of imposing a solution could do better. That should not be surprising in light of the results in the product selection literature that the set of product offerings is not necessarily efficient. Second, while the model reveals a bias toward the offering of a bundle, the bias is primarily toward mixed bundling, not toward pure bundling or other forms of tying. Indeed, although the preceding example does not show it, the model can be interpreted to suggest a bias against pure bundling. In a companion paper, we show that the conditions for pure bundling to be the only sustainable outcome are stronger than the conditions for pure bundling to be the efficient outcome. The model does not rule out the possibility of inefficient tying. Tying can be. the predicted outcome when components selling is optimal, but there is no systematic reason for this to be the case. There is a tendency in the model for big groups to get the offering they want. But this effect holds equally when the biggest group wants just one component as when the biggest group wants the bundle. Third, in analyzing the welfare consequences of bundling discounts (under mixed bundling), it is important to distinguish between marginal cost savings and the effect of fixed costs. Both are potential sources of savings to the group that purchases the bundle, but only the marginal cost savings reflect welfare gains. In this example, there is a substantial bundle discount; the bundle price of 19 is 5 less than the sum of the components prices. Under pure components selling, they would pay a total of 20, which is also more than the bundle price under mixed bundling. Notwithstanding this private benefit, it is inefficient for the bundle to be offered. In contrast, if there were no fixed costs and the bundle discount reflected a marginal cost savings of 5, then mixed bundling would be efficient. . Which products are offered depends on the extent to which bundling lowers marginal cost, on the fixed costs of offering each product, and on demand. For a product to be offered in the kind of contestable market we describe here, three conditions must holdthese are known in the formal economics literature as sustainability conditions. First, no price can exceed average cost. Otherwise another firm could enter and provide the product to the same group of customers for less. Second, the price of each product must be low enough that the seller of a second existing product cannot profitably lower its price and attract the purchasers of the first. Third, prices must be low enough that entry with a product not offered is unprofitable. First, marginal cost savings are neither necessary nor sufficient for tying to occur in competitive markets. They are not necessary because, even without marginal cost savings, firms may not separately provide a product if there is not enough demand to cover the fixed cost of offering that product this result assumes that the firm is offering a bundle that attracts at least some consumers who want that product. They are not sufficient because, even with marginal cost savings, firms may find that there are enough consumers who want the products separately and do not value the other product they will therefore oiler the bundle to attract consumers who want both and separate products to attract consumers who only want one. Second, fixed costs are a necessary but not sufficient condition for tying to occur in competitive markets. Firms eliminate a product choice that some consumers want because it enables them to avoid the fixed costs of offering it separately. Or, to put it another way, firms cannot provide some products separately because there is not enough demand to cover the costs. Third, pure bundling can arise for two reasons which are worth distinguishing: (1) moderate fixed costs when many consumers demand all components and demand is low for at least one of the individual components; and (2) high fixed costs. Without fixed costs, our assumptions generally imply mixed bundling. Under mixed bundling, the bundle is available for those who want both goods and the separate products are available for those who want just one. With some fixed costs, however, pure bundling can result if many customers want both goods and demand for the component does not justify the fixed cost of offering them separately. Pure bundling can also occur, however, even if no consumer wants both components. These will happen when fixed costs are very high, which in turn implies that pure bundling saves significant fixed costs over components selling. Fourth, firms may sell some but not all of the components separately from the bundle. This occurs when demand for the bundle and one of the separate components is substantial but demand for the other is not. In a separate welfare analysis we show that firms may not offer the optimal product variety (the standard result in the product variety literature) but that the tendency is to offer too much mixed bundling rather than to offer too much tying. Table 3 contains our first example. The size of each group of consumers is 100. The marginal costs of both goods ; and 2 are 8 while the marginal cost of the bundle is 14. Since the latter is less than the sum of the components prices, there are marginal cost savings from bundling. Fixed costs are 600 It follows that the prices of the components under mixed bundling are 14 while the price of the bundle is 20. As the next line in the Table indicates, the price of the bundle under pure bundling is 16. It is lower than the price of the bundle under mixed bundling because more customers share the fixed cost. Under components selling, the prices of the components are 11 each. As with pure bundling, the prices are lower than under mixed bundling becau se the fixed costs are shared with a larger group. Before turning to why mixed bundling is sustainable, let us consider why the other product configurations are not. Under pure bundling, the price of the bundle is 16. This price is susceptible to entry by, say, a producer of good 1 at a price of 14. This component price is less than the 16 that group 1 pays for the bundle under mixed bundling, and it is sufficient to cover costs even if only group 1 buys the bundle. A pure component selling, in which the price of each of the two goods is 11, is not sustainable either. Group B pays a total of 22 for the two components, so entry with the bundle at a price of 20 attracts group B and is profitable. When the bundle and just good 1 are offered, the price of the bundle is 17. Entry by a supplier of good 2 at a price of 11 is then profitable. For the same reason, it is not sustainable to offer just the bundle and good 2. Having seen how entry can prevent a set of offerings from being sustainable, we can now understand why mixed bundling is sustainable in this case. All possible products are offered in mixed bundling, so it is not possible to enter with a new product. We do, however, need to consider whether cutting the price of an existing product (or products) to attract an additional block of customers would be profitable. At these prices, it is not. For example, to sell the bundle at a price that is low enough to attract groups 1 and 2; one would still have to charge 16. But that would not be low enough to attract groups 1 and 2, which can purchase only the good they want under mixed bundling for 14. Similarly, cutting the price of the components to attract group B would not be profitable. If group B purchased the components, the prices would still have to be 11. Group B would then pay 22 for both goods, which is more than the 20 it pays for the bundle under mixed bundling. There are a number of factors that give rise to mixed bundling in this example. First, there are marginal cost savings from bundling. At the same time, the marginal cost of the bundle exceeds the marginal cost of just one of the components. So, putting fixed costs aside, there would be an advantage to having the separate components available to those who want just one of them. Also, the demand for each of the three possible products is substantial; and, while fixed costs are present, they are not so great as to preclude offering one of the goods. The results in Table 3 depend, of course, on the assumed values for each of the seven variables in the model. Small changes in each variable would affect prices, but mixed bundling would still be the qualitative outcome. With larger changes, however, the qualitative outcome would change as well. Since mixed bundling means that all three of the possible products are offered, any change would eliminate one or more of the products offered. For example, consider a reduction in the number of people who want just good 1. The fixed cost of offering good 1 would then have to be spread over a smaller customer base so the price of good 1 would have to increase. When the number of people who want only good 1 is sufficiently small, the price of good 1 would exceed the price of the bundle. Consumers who want just good 1 would then buy the bundle (anSd discard good 2). Good 1 would disappear from the market, leaving good 2 and the bundle as the only products offered. In that case, good 2 is tied to good 1. Just as a reduction in the number of people who want good 1 causes the price of good 1 to go up, an increase in X1 causes the price to drop. With a sufficiently large increase in the demand for good 1 alone, the price can drop enough that people who want both goods find it cheaper to buy them separately. The bundle disappears from the market. The result is pure components selling, which does not entail tying. Table 4 shows the change in product offerings that could result from sufficiently large increases and decreases of each of the seven variables in the model. (As we note, in some cases, even a large change will not alter the product offerings.) The first row of the table reports the results described above. The left half of that row says that with a sufficiently large decrease in X1, the set of products offered becomes the bundle and good 2 while good 1 is no longer offered. The right hand half of the first row shows that with a sufficiently large increase in the demand for good 1, the set of products offered are goods 1 and 2 while the bundle is no longer offered. As Table 4 indicates, there are two cases in which mixed bundling are the qualitative outcome no matter how much the variable change (in the given direction). One of these is a reduction in fixed costs. That result makes intuitive sense. Fixed costs in the model can cause a potential product not to be offered. Given the other assumed values in Table 4, fixed costs of 600 are low enough that all three of the possible products can be offered profitably. A reduction in the fixed cost of a product offering would only reinforce the possibility of providing for each group the product tailored to its particular demand.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Essay -- Jekyll Hyde

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson This novella, although unapparent, is intertwined with many allegorical undertones. Stevenson uses the book to criticise Victorian society and its hypocritical existence. The most significant thematic concern of the novella is the continually revisited theme of the duality of man and the camouflaged evil that lies deep within the human race. Stevenson was writing before the period in which the great psychologist Sigmund Freud was researching the human mind, so in some ways Stevenson was ahead of his time in resolving the 'mystery of the mind'. Stevenson's novella, after being added to by his wife on the book's revision, contained much evidence of these theories of the human psyche. Armed with this weapon, Stevenson used the novella to attack the hypocritical ways of the Victorian society he lived in. The theme plays on the idea of a part of the unconscious, the 'id'. The id is the Hyde part of a human, which is of course repressed, undeveloped and primitive, with the taste for hunting and sex. Then on the other hand is the 'superego', your conscience and morality, with the "floater" between the two, the 'ego'. Jekyll stresses that, "man is not truly one, but truly two." This all links to the theme of hypocrisy in Victorian society. Jekyll admits, "...and it was as a secret sinner that I at last fell before the assaults of temptation." Stevenson tries to reveal the double lives that were being lived around this era. Some critics believe that this is a self-confession of Stevenson's sinful past. Jekyll is the perfect representation of hypocrisy, as he is described as the "spotless Jekyll" yet continuously lying to Utterson and one could argue, soci... ...en to partake in his, "scientific balderdash". One more symbol is apparent. The key to the laboratory is a symbol of power and authority and in this case, the key holds satanic power, therefore Hyde is the one who has the power to change back into Jekyll. When Utterson and Poole search for the key and fail to find it, they cannot overcome evil. This also means that they do not have access to evil, as they are sinless in the story. It is clear that Jekyll started with selfish intentions when he strived for a better self, this is why the experiment only stripped Jekyll of the Jekyll veneer, leaving the Hyde interior. And that Jekyll is in fact a host for the constant bombardment of metaphors, especially with hypocrisy as Jekyll represents hypocrisy and the Victorian society itself. "In Hyde, you have no Jekyll but in Jekyll, you always have some Hyde"

Explanations for Inequality Essay

There are many sociological explanations for female inequality in society. Inequality is where something/ someone is seen as not equal compared to something else. For example men have more opportunities than women in life, suggesting females suffer huge inequality in many factors of life. Firstly, Anne Oakley speaks about how women suffer inequalities in the work place. Oakley notes that after the industrial revolution in Britain acts were passed to limit women working; in 1851 one in four married women worked whereas in 1911 one in ten worked. During the Victorian era the ideology that a woman’s place was in the home became truly established and industrialisation led to the separation of men from the daily routine of domestic life. Now it is claimed that women suffer from four main inequalities in the workplace. Firstly, there is the much debated pay gap in which, even though legislation to stop unequal pay was introduced in the 1970’s, the although narrowing pay gap is still visible between men and women. Secondly half of all females in employment are in part time employment; this form of employment is often less secure with fewer benefits. Thirdly, women suffer from vertical segregation; this is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the glass ceiling effect†. Women are seemingly unable to achieve the higher ranking positions and are stopped from achieving managerial positions by an invisible barrier. Lastly, women are said to suffer from horizontal segregation which is the idea of gendered jobs. Liberal feminist Oakley blames the dominant housewife mother role, suggesting that a wifes role is primarily domestic, thus inequality is inevitable. There are criticisms for this study however, suggesting that it see’s inequality as simply just a matter of time. As well as biological factors, and time Victoria Beechey, from a marxist perspective has deleveloped a study which see’s women as a reserve army of labour. She uses this in order to explain the position of women in the labour market. Marx argued that capitalism required a reserve army of labour, that is a spare pool of potential recruits to the labour force. Beechey identifies a number of ways in which women in modern Britain are particularly suited to form part of this reserve army. She suggests that women’s jobs are least likely to be covered by redundancy legislation, so it’s cheaper to make them redundant rather than men, suggesting huge inequality as it shows women are superior to men. Furthermore she suggests that unemployed married women may not be elegible to receive state benefits if their husbands are working, and for this reason they might not appear in unemployment statistics. Beechey says that ‘women’ who are made redundant are able to disappear virtually without a trace back into the family. She also suggests that women are more likely to accept part time work due to their domestic role, women tend to be happy in accepting less wages than their husbands as they can rely on their man. This makes you realise that still in society, women who don’t work, even though they want to is still frowned upon, and it would be easier for men to get jobs than women, showing inequality between women and men. Bruegel challenges this theory, she questions the assumption that the interests of capital must be served if women are to be used as a reserve army of labour. She points out that women can also benefit capitalism by producing domestic labour in the home, as this reduces the amount that needs to be paid to male workers. Linda Mcdowell like Beechey also talks about part time work, and why women are more likely to accept it. She applies post-Fordist theory to female employment. Post-Fordism suggests that there has been a move away from mass production to more flexible production of specialist products. Businesses keep a core of highly skilled workers, but most other workers are temporary, or part time, or work is contracted out to other firms. Women tend to be concentrated in the more flexible jobs, particularly part time work. This suggests that even today it is still hard to for women to have a good career like men, as due to other ‘priorities’ part time work may be the only suitable explanation. Lovering found evidence to support this theory suggesting that post Fordism trends affect only some women. Furthermore, post-Feminists argue that the feminism of the 1970s and 80s is out dated because it sees all women as sharing the same interests and ignores the diverse interests of different groups of women. Natasha Walter believes that there is still much that feminists need to change. She believes that the post-feminist emphasis on political correctness and language neglects the continuing problems of inequality which affect all women. Women still tend to suffer from problems such a low pay, lack of childcare, the dual burden of paid employment and domestic labour, poverty and domestic sexual violence. Following up on this Germaine Greer suggests that women cannot be themselves as they still have to act in the ways men want them to be. This suggests that women suffer in the hands of men, due to them being more powerful etc. Women thus are brainwashed into being how men want them to be, for example, clothing and make up. Radical feminists also believe that men’s power and control over men is the main reason for inequality. They believe that patriarchy is the most important concept when explaining gender inequalities. They tend to focus on the power relationships that are experienced in private, in particular the significance of sexuality and the use of violence. Kate Millet believes that oppressive and unequal relationships between men and women originate not in wider society, but in the intimacy of personal relationships, in sexual partnerships and in families and households or various kinds. She believes personal relationships are also political in that they are based on different and unequal amounts of power which are determined by sex and which are reinforced in every aspect of wider society. Culture, government, tradition, religion, law, education and the media all reflect patriarchal leadership and power. Critics of this theory suggest that this theory is ultimately biologically deterministic, since the biological facts of reproduction are at the heart of the position. Not all sociologists believe that inequality is still a major factor in society. Catherine Hakim (economist) suggests a ‘Rational choice theory’. She is critical of all feminist positions. She argues that feminist theories are both inaccurate and misleading, and that women are not victims of unfair employment practices. She identifies five myths; women’s employment had not in fact been rising, women were less committed to work than men, that their childcare responsibilities were not the main reason for them working part time, that part time jobs were not necessarily worse and finally that women were less likely to be in stable employment. This goes against all feminist explanations and suggests that inequality is not as we see it, and a lot has changed. However, Crompton argues that Hakim underplays the structures within which women make choices. In particular she cites the development of the male bread winner. Other sociologist like Hakim who neglect mainstream feminist values are the black feminists. They are critical of mainstream feminism suggesting that they neglect the particular problems that black women face. Bourne argues that white feminists are luke-warm about tackling racism because they enjoy social, economic and political privileges which make them part of the system which oppresses black women. Further more Yuval-Davis develops this theme claiming that ‘non-black’ minority ethnics such as Iranian, Cypriot, and Chinese women not only face racism, they also face cultural patriarchy which is particular to their communities. This is suggesting women are not really all in the same position and it affects people differently. White feminists tend to reject black feminists and ignore them from most of the studies and theories.

Interior Design Education in the USA Essay

Interior Design Education in the USA Essay The Benefits of Interior Design Education in the USA Essay The Benefits of Interior Design Education in the USA Essay Design education is a general term for the study of theory and application that can be useful in designing products, services as well as environments. Design is a broad industry that involves various disciplines. One of them is interior design. Before selecting one field of design, one should make sure that he/she gets the necessary education and keeps learning throughout his/her working life, as this is an industry with diverse and constant changes, developments and advancements (Hickman, 2005). Perspectives of Interior Design Education Interior design education is the study of art that comprises of designing the interior and often the exterior of a house, room or building. Those involved in this art are called interior designers and their major duty is to manage and coordinate projects of interior design. This art of design involves cooperation of the interior designer with the stakeholders and the management of the place being designed in order to come up with the final decision of the desired design. The final product of interior design must be attractive and practical in order to be pleasing to all stakeholders. Beautification and diversity as well as uniqueness are important concepts when it comes to the interior design. Thus, this essay will discuss how interior design education in the USA can be helpful if one works in the design firm in Saudi Arabia. Diversity When a person gets an opportunity to take studies in the United States, he/she experiences the diversity of cultures among the populations in major universities. This environment provides an opportunity to learn how other people do things in their cultures. For an interior design student, there are chances of getting diverse ideas about how other cultures design their living premises (Jani, 2011). These ideas can be accumulated, and with more skills acquired throughout the studies, these same ideas can be implemented to create a design that best suites an environment one is working on. This diversity can be applied in the Saudi Arabian architecture and interior design. Because of such versatile American education, one will be likely to learn about the uniqueness of people from this country, how they design their interior, and what colors they choose. Finally, it will be possible for a student to come up with a competitive product for the Saudi Arabian environment. Choice Students in fine arts have a variety of colleges to choose from. The selection of where they would like to take their interior design studies determines the cultures they will be exposed to. There are about 300 fine arts schools in the whole country to choose from that offer design classes. A choice of school becomes very crucial for the future skillset that the student will acquire. With this understanding, designer’s skills will be needed worldwide, and, therefore, choosing from a university located in a big city represents the best choice due to numerous opportunities that this location offers. For example, one may find that studying in a university in New York gives an opportunity to understand interior design from all parts of the world. It is enough to visit several galleries and communicate with international designers who visit New York daily. As a result, when given an opportunity to work in Saudi Arabia, the ideas of a student who has been studying in New York will s pice up the final product and exhibit’s uniqueness. Curriculum U.S.-based universities have refined courses and programs. Most majors get an opportunity to listen to the lectures of foreign and visiting professors. There are also many chances to meet real artists. The representatives of either of these two professional backgrounds may be from different parts of the world. Interaction with those experts from abroad becomes like a stepping stone for learning what different countries expect from those who offer certain types of design skills. When a designer has an opportunity to work in Saudi Arabia, he/she will be sure to know where to start, since there are chances that from a list of the visiting professors in the student’s American university there has been a Saudi Arabian citizen. Therefore, while establishing an interior design firm, interior design graduate has enough knowledge in how things are supposed to work there. Technology The technology in the American Universities is more than cutting-edge. When a student gets an opportunity to learn in such an environment, there are chances that the final results and skills acquired will be more advanced than in any other environment. With adequate technology, one has a research environment where new trends in design can be discovered, and there is an opportunity to learn how to use modern software. This learning culture becomes a milestone towards the ever-evolving technological knowledge, especially in design (Hickman, 2005). Such background is very useful in the fields of both interior and exterior design. For instance, if a graduate will be working in Saudi Arabia, implementing technology becomes a milestone for the design entrepreneur. The opportunities available there could be numerous, since one will be able to deliver design works with the help of advanced and modernized software. It will be a means to more opportunities for the firm one will be working for and, of course, the work will be assigned to the person who is the most able to deliver. Safety With the U.S.-based universities ensuring that safety, well-being and health of students are put under consideration, future design graduates have a very conducive environment for learning. A student who is safe works under no pressure of any attack, and this peace of mind ensures that he/she is always alert and even excited about the business. When the well-being of a student is taken care of, then that student knows the sole purpose is to study and excel in his/her education. None of the American students have to worry about food, shelter and all basic needs to be been taken care of, because USA is one of the most advanced countries in the world. Basic health needs are also catered for by the insurance, and it is great joy for a foreign student studying in America to know that he/she will be attended to and will always be able to resume the studies as soon as possible. Such care creates a refined person ready to work in any environment. If given an opportunity to work in Saudi Arab ia, such a student will be successful and caring because of the environment he/she has had during studies. The results of such designer’s performance should be pleasing to the firm’s stakeholders. Individuality This is a trait that most professors in American universities really encourage. Individuality is the capacity to follow one’s own path while making sure that the basics of art, design and traditions are upheld. In interior design, individualism can take one very far, because the final product will be constructed from unique ideas and first-hand work. Uniqueness is the first step to a successful design. The modern market comprises of versatile requests and tastes. Some want a product that everyone else has, but some want their product to be the only one of a kind. When a designer is able to act as an individual in the delivery of his/her products, he/she will be the first option for someone in need of a unique design (Hickman, 2005). Working in a foreign land could be quite challenging, but, if given an opportunity to work in Saudi Arabia, individualism gained and cherished during college education can be the means to artistic success. Culture The Universities in the USA are located in towns and cities where students have an opportunity to experience the American culture. There are also historical museums that can influence both local and foreign students profoundly. History is crucial to the modern way of doing things and every future endeavor of a student. It works in the same manner for a design industry. One observes what has been trendy and gets to know how the current design operates so as to determine what the future of design will look like. Therefore, cultural exposure is very important for a student, especially the one who studies interior design, because it can be effective in the field of work. With this background, when students get selected to work in Saudi Arabia, they will be able to handle the local culture as well as adapt to the design trends easily. Being a foreigner and with an understanding of the new cultural environment creates additional chances of retaining the job position for a long time. To sum up, the design industry is the one that can take someone far away and throughout the world. It can open doors to a successful carrier. Understanding every area of artistic specialty allows to select with assurance which part of fine arts to get involved in. As a result, it becomes a vocation and path for the rest of one’s life. However, it is important to understand the changes, advancements and activities in one’s area of specialty. When a student is in a design school, he/she identifies his/her own strengths and a dream path. For instance, when a learner realizes that he/she is stronger in interior design than in any other field, then he/she will follow this vocation. The universities in the U.S. provide opportunities for diversity, choice, refined curriculum, advanced technology, safety, individuality and culture, all of which act as stepping stones to a successful carrier in interior design, both locally and internationally.